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History class at Lourdes

History

Bachelor of Arts

Associate in Arts

History is the story of humanity itself, giving context to all human endeavors. It informs us about the past, gives meaning to the present, and points the way to the future.

With a Bachelor of Arts in History degree, you can pursue a career as an educator, researcher, editor, producer, information manager, lawyer, and historian for public, not-for-profit, and government agencies. The Lourdes University Department of History, Political Science, and Geography faculty offers a curriculum that allows students to understand world cultures and human interaction while strengthening their critical thinking, communication skills, and global awareness. History graduates often pursue a Master of Arts and a Doctor of Philosophy in history.

History Major Opportunities:

  • Become a member of Phi Alpha Theta History Society.
  • Complete an internship at a local historical agency or government office.
  • Participate in co-curricular events such as the Distinguished Lecture Series, History Game Night, and History Movie Night.
  • Minor in Political Science.
  • Earn a concentration in Pre-Law.

Lourdes history graduates have secured employment in the areas of:

  • Homeland Security
  • Local historical agencies
  • Business and marketing
  • Customer service
  • Secondary education
  • Property management
  • Sales
  • Database management

Plan of Study

ASSOCIATE OF ARTS IN HISTORY

Students may complete an Associate in Arts degree in History by meeting the core courses and general education requirements for the A.A. degree and by completing the following requirements for the concentration in History.

REQUIRED CURRICULUM

Core and General Education (36 credit hours)

US History Core Courses (Pick 2)
HST 307  The American Revolution & Early Republic
HST 308  The Civil War & Reconstruction
HST 309   The United States in the 20th Century

European History Core Courses (Pick 2)

HST 301  Ancient History
HST 302  Medieval & Renaissance History
HST 303  Modern Europe

World History Core Courses (Pick 1)
HST 403  History of Russia
HST 404  World War II: Cause and Effect
HST 407  Native American History
HST 411  History of Latin America
HST 413  History of the Middle East
HST 416  History of the Far East
HST 419  History of Africa
HST 450  The Vietnam War

History Elective

General Elective

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN HISTORY

Total credit hours: 120

The Bachelor of Arts Degree with a history major includes 50-51 semester hours of core courses & general education courses and 36 semester hours in history, 18 hours of which must be at the 300 and 400 level taken at Lourdes University. Students should also take at least 14 hours of their electives at the 300 and 400 levels in order to meet the University requirement of 32 hours in upper level courses. Students must maintain a 2.5 grade point average in history courses.

REQUIRED CURRICULUM

Core and General Education for Bachelor of Arts degree (41-42 credit hours)

The College of Arts and Sciences requires an additional 12 credit hours for the Bachelor of Arts degree.

U.S. History Core (9 credit hours)
HST 307   The American Revolution & Early Republic
HST 308   The Civil War & Reconstruction
HST 309   The United States in the 20th Century

European History Core Courses  (9 credit hours)
HST 301   Ancient History
HST 302   Medieval & Renaissance History
HST 303  Modern Europe

World History Core Courses (Pick 2)  (6 credit hours)
HST 403  History of Russia
HST 404  World War II: Cause and Effect
HST 407  Native American History
HST 411  History of Latin America
HST 413  History of the Middle East
HST 416  History of the Far East
HST 419  History of Africa

History Electives (9 credit hours)

HST 490  Capstone: Historical Methods

General Electives  33-34

Note: Internships are available for credit (HST 425 Internships) or non-credit.

HISTORY MINOR

Total credit hours: 21

REQUIRED CURRICULUM

US History Core Courses (Pick 2)
HST 307  The American Revolution & Early Republic
HST 308  The Civil War & Reconstruction
HST 309  The United States in the 20th Century

European History Core Courses (Pick 2)
HST 301  Ancient History
HST 302  Medieval & Renaissance History
HST 303  Modern Europe

World History Core Courses (Pick 1)
HST 403  History of Russia
HST 404  World War II: Cause and Effect
HST 407  Native American History
HST 411  History of Latin America
HST 413  History of the Middle East
HST 416  History of the Far East
HST 419  History of Africa

History Electives

Note: Internships are available for credit (HST 425 Internships) or non-credit.

HISTORY ELECTIVES

The courses listed below are History electives that are primarily offered as General Education courses for all students and/or as required or recommended courses for students in other majors.

HST 103 History of Western Civilization I
HST 104 History of Western Civilization II
HST 121 Survey of United States History I
HST 122 Survey of United States History II
HST 205 Prohibition
HST 208 Women in American History
HST 209 History and Mythology of the American West
HST 219 Ohio History
HST 230 History of Ireland
HST 240 U.S. Environmental History
HST 250 History of France
HST 260 History of England
HST 270 American Economic History
HST 280 Sports in American History
HST 290 History of Health Care

POLITICAL SCIENCE MINOR

Total credit hours: 18

REQUIRED CURRICULUM

PLS 122 American National Government
PLS 201 Modern Political Thought
PLS 310 The Constitution and Supreme Court OR
CSJ 444 Constitutional Law in Criminal Justice
PLS 330 International Relations
PLS 340 Politics and the Media
PLS 491 Political Science Internship

Learning Outcomes

MISSION

  • History majors will master a solid foundation in American, European, and World History, learn and practice the historical method in their coursework at all levels, and master the skills necessary to prepare them for graduate school and/or careers in history and related fields.

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND GEOGRAPHY LEARNING OUTCOMES

  • Identify and analyze the main events, persons, institutions, trends, cultural influences and developments in American, History, European History and World History.
  • Demonstrate an understanding of historiographic perspectives.
  • Effectively identify & analyze primary sources.
  • Effectively identify & analyze secondary sources.
  • Craft & defend a coherent historical argument with adequate supporting details in written form, utilizing the Chicago Manual of Style.
  • Speak cogently about a historical topic in front of a group.
  • Write a significant research paper that meets the standards of the profession and contributes to historical scholarship.

Extracurricular Opportunities

Students at Lourdes University receive various opportunities to engage with history beyond the classroom. Game nights, conferences, lectures, and other events complement the classroom experience with additional ways to become immersed in history and acquainted with the work of historians.

  • Lourdes University faculty and students play Oregon Trail and other history-themed games at the department’s History Game Nights.
  • The Department of History offers travel opportunities that engage students with the past, historical memory and commemoration, and the work of historical preservation through service learning projects.
  • Every spring, the department invites an accomplished scholar to deliver its annual Distinguished Lecture in American History.
  • History faculty arrange a trip to the Phi Alpha Theta Ohio Regional Conference.

Phi Alpha Theta

Lourdes University students who distinguish themselves in history study receive invitations to join Phi Alpha Theta, the national history honor society. To receive an invitation, students must have completed at least twelve credit hours of coursework in history, achieved a minimum of a 3.1 GPA in history classes, and compiled an overall GPA of at least 3.0. A ceremony held each spring inducts new members and honors graduating members. 

Contact chapter adviser Dr. Adam Hodge (ahodge@lourdes.edu) with questions about Phi Alpha Theta at Lourdes.

Style Guide for History

Using Footnotes

This page provides instructions for Lourdes University students to use when writing research papers in their history courses.

Historians use the Turabian or Chicago Manual of Style when listing citations (or footnotes) in their works. Kate Turabian was the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago from 1930 to 1958. The University of Chicago published a lengthy guideline for doctoral students showing them exactly how to set up their work and how to cite sources in footnotes and a bibliography. “Turabian” is the shorter version of the much lengthier “Chicago Manual of Style.”

The source for this style guide comes from the 6th Edition of Kate Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996).

The Chicago Manual of Style is currently in its 14th edition. See John Grossman’s The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), for a more detailed description of the Chicago style.

PAGE SETUP
  • Set the margins at 1 inch all around.
  • Use the 12-Point Times New Roman Font.
  • Double-space the text.
  • Single-space block quotes.
  • Indent every paragraph (1/2 inch is a good indentation).
  • Add page numbers (1, 2, etc.) at the top center or bottom center of the page.
  • Start the page numbering on Page 2 (the cover sheet has no page number).

 

COVER SHEET
  • Type the title in initial caps (only capitalize the 1st letter of each word) centered 1/3 of the way down the page.
  • Type the following information centered 2/3 of the way down the page:
  • Your Name
  • Number and Title of the Course
  • Semester and Year of the Course
  • Lourdes University
  • The Date the Paper is Due
  • (Optional: Your Instructor’s Name)

 

BODY OF THE TEXT
  • The body of the text begins at the top of the page immediately after the cover sheet.
  • Use ½ inch indents at the start of every paragraph.
  • As you type your paper on a computer, make sure you let the text “wrap” at the end of the line.
  • Don’t hit “Enter” to create an end of the line character when you’ve reached the end of a line.
  • Once again, let the text wrap – this will make it easier for you to go back and edit your text.
  • Remember to double space the text and to single space block quotes that are several sentences long.
  • Also indent the block quotes (see the page on style guides for footnotes for an example).

 

PLACEMENT OF FOOTNOTES

The full footnote reference may be placed in one of two places:

  1. First Method:
    • You can place all the footnotes for a page at the bottom of the page of text.
    • Use a “separator” (meaning a short line on the left-hand side) to separate the text from the footnotes.

    Here’s an example of the first method:

    1Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh and His Brother the Prophet (Cincinnati: H. H. Green Press, 1840), 54-76, 80-123, 159-178.
    2William Henry Harrison, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 24 (March 1837): 33-63.

  2. Second Method:
    • You can place all the footnotes for the entire paper in a list. This should go on a page that comes after the text and before the bibliography.
    • Type NOTES at the top center of the page and then list the footnotes below.

    Here’s an example of the second method:
    NOTES
    1Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh and His Brother the Prophet (Cincinnati: H. H. Green Press, 1840), 54-76, 80-123, 159-178.
    2William Henry Harrison, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 24 (March 1837): 33-63.

 

USING FOOTNOTES

A footnote shows your reader the sources upon which you have based your writing.

Generally you will need to place a footnote (meaning a number in superscript at the end of a sentence or a paragraph) in each one of the following three places:

  • Usually after the end of a paragraph
  • Within and at the end of a paragraph (if two different sources are used)
  • After a direct quote that is imbedded in a paragraph
  • After a longer block quote

Here’s an example of a footnote after the end of a paragraph:

By the summer of 1863, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain was the commander of the 20th Maine Regiment. He was given the tough job of holding Little Round Top, a small hill at the far left end of Cemetery Ridge, for the Union. Confederate soldiers from Alabama attacked his position. His men bravely threw back the attack, but were soon out of ammunition.1

Instead of retreating, and giving Little Round Top to the Confederates, Chamberlain decided to do something very brave. He told his men to charge down the hill with their bayonets flashing. The surprised Confederates fell back, and Chamberlain and his men held on to Little Round Top. They took 400 Confederate soldiers as prisoners2

Here’s an example of a footnote within and at the end of a paragraph (if two different sources are used):

The war itself came to Maine as Confederate ships attacked vessels along the coast. Hundreds of sailing ships and fishing boats were captured and destroyed by Confederate raiders.1 Many ship captains sailed to Europe and registered their ships there, hoping the South would not detect them. Others outfitted their boats with guns and cannons, and took their chances along the Atlantic shore.2

Here’s an example of a footnote after a direct quote that is embedded in a paragraph:

The Maine regiments were able to take the cities of Yorktown and Williamsburg. General McClellan praised them by saying, “On the battlefield, you and your comrades arrested the progress, saved the army from a disgraceful defeat and turned the tide of victory in our favor.”2 But despite these two victories, the Union Army failed to take the city of Richmond.

Here’s an example of a footnote after a longer block quote:
A block quote is a lengthy quote that is several sentences long, and should be set off from the rest of the paragraph by being indented and single-spaced.

Joshua Chamberlain described the moment when he saw a Confederate soldier riding toward him carrying a white flag of truce in these words:

Suddenly rose to sight another form, close in our own front, ­a soldierly young figure, a Confederate staff officer undoubtedly. Now I see the white flag earnestly borne, and its possible purport sweeps before my inner vision like a wraith of morning mist … The messenger comes near, dismounts; with graceful salutation and hardly suppressed emotion delivers his message: ‘Sir, I am from General Gordon. General Lee desires a cessation of hostilities until he can hear from General Grant to the proposed surrender.3

INSERT FOOTNOTES WITH MICROSOFT OFFICE

The insert footnotes using Microsoft Office, position your cursor where you want to insert the footnote. Click on References on the tool bar at the top. Then, click on Insert Footnote. The computer will automatically take you to the bottom of the page to insert your citation.

Things to remember with footnotes:

Footnotes should go at the end of a sentence immediately after the period.

Each footnote receives a unique number. This should happen automatically if you follow the steps above for Microsoft Office.

 

Right Footnote Style

Here are important guidelines to follow when referencing information in the following sources:

  • Books
  • Articles in a Scholarly Journal
  • Articles in a Magazine
  • Articles in a Newspaper
  • Single Website
  • Article or Primary Source on a Website
  • VHS or DVD
  • CD-ROM
  • Multi-Volume Source
  • Encyclopedias or Dictionaries
  • Interviews
  • Source within Another Source
  • Multiple Sources in One Footnote
  • Source with an Author and an Editor

Books
For the first time you reference a book in a footnote, list all the information (author, title, city of publication, publishing house, year of 1st publication, and pages) as follows:

1Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh and His Brother the Prophet (Cincinnati: H. H. Green Press, 1840), 54.

For the second and subsequent times you reference the same work in a footnote: List only the last name of the author, the tile of the work (italicized), and the pages. The other publication information does not have to be listed again.

2Drake, Life of Tecumseh, 54.

If the footnote refers to the same work you have used in the footnote immediately preceding the current one, type the word Ibid. and the page number.

3Drake, Life of Tecumseh, 188.

4Ibid., 203.

If you have several paragraphs where you have used the same book but in many different pages, place the footnote at the end of the last paragraph and list all the page numbers in the endnote.

5Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh and His Brother the Prophet (Cincinnati: H. H. Green Press, 1840), 54-76, 80-123, 159-178.

Or

5Drake, Life of Tecumseh, 89-102, 107, 133-167.

6Ibid., 203, 217-247,285-289.

 

Articles in a Scholarly Journal
For the first time you reference an article in a scholarly journal in a footnote, list all the information (author, article title, journal title, journal volume number, article publication date, and page numbers) as follows:

1William Henry Harrison, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 24 (March 1837): 33-63. (Note: “24” is the Volume Number, “March 1837” is the date of publication, and “33-63” are the page numbers.)

For the second and subsequent times you reference an article in a scholarly journal: List only the last name of the author, the tile of the work and the pages. The other publication information does not have to be listed again.

2Harrison, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” 54.

If the footnote refers to the same work you have used in the footnote immediately preceding the current one, type the word Ibid. and the page number.

3Harrison, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” 56.

4Ibid., 207.

If you have several paragraphs where you have used the same article but in many different pages, place the footnote at the end of the last paragraph and list all the page numbers in the endnote.

5William Henry Harrison, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 24 (March 1837): 33-63, 76-85, 112-115.

Or

6Harrison, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” 56, 58-59, 106-112, 115.

7Ibid., 207, 214-116, 222-245..

 

Articles in a Magazine (Examples: Time or Newsweek)
For the first time you reference an article in a magazine in a footnote, list all the information (author, article title, magazine title, publication date, and pages) as follows:

1Andrew Jackson, “My Side of the Story,” U.S. News & World Report, 5 March 1837, 45-61.

For the second and subsequent times you reference an article in a scholarly journal: List only the last name of the author, the tile of the work and the pages. The other publication information does not have to be listed again.

2Jackson, “My Side of the Story,” 67.

If the footnote refers to the same work you have used in the footnote immediately preceding the current one, type the word Ibid. and the page number.

3Jackson, “My Side of the Story,” 74.

4Ibid., 83-85.

If you have several paragraphs where you have used the same article but in many different pages, place the footnote at the end of the last paragraph and list all the page numbers in the endnote.

5Andrew Jackson, “My Side of the Story,” U.S. News & World Report, 5 March 1837, 45-61, 76-82.

Or

6Jackson, “My Side of the Story,” 56, 58-59, 106-112, 115.

7Ibid., 83-85, 92-101.

 

Articles in a Newspaper
For the first time you reference an article in a newspaper in a footnote, list all the information (author, article title, newspaper title, publication date, section and page numbers) as follows:

1Alexander Hamilton, “My Battle with Thomas Jefferson,” New York Daily News 12 July 1804, sec. 1A, p. 3.

For the second and subsequent times you reference an article in a newspaper: List only the last name of the author, the tile of the work and the pages. The other publication information does not have to be listed again.

2Hamilton, “My Battle with Jefferson,” 54.

If the footnote refers to the same work you have used in the footnote immediately preceding the current one, type the word Ibid. and the page number.

3Hamilton, “My Battle with Jefferson,” 56.

4Ibid., 207.

If you have several paragraphs where you have used the same article but in many different pages, place the footnote at the end of the last paragraph and list all the page numbers in the endnote.

5Alexander Hamilton, “My Battle with Thomas Jefferson,” New York Daily News 12 July 1804, sec. 1A, pp. 3-5, 14-22, 37.

Or

6Hamilton, “My Battle with Jefferson,” 56, 58-59, 106-112, 115.

7Ibid., 207-214, 222-234.

 

Single Website
For the first time you reference a single website, give as much information as possible, and include the URL (web address) and the date you last accessed the site:

1Dr. Thomas Brown, The Tippecanoe Battlefield: Recent Developments at the Site, accessed 1 May 2004; available from http://www.tippecanoe.com/recentnews/index.html; Internet.

For the second and subsequent times you reference a website in a footnote, just give the author and the title:

2Brown, The Tippecanoe Battlefield.

3Ibid.

 

Article or Primary Source on a Website
For the first time you reference an article or primary source posted on a website, give as much information as possible, and include the date you last accessed the site and the URL (web address):

1John L. O’Sullivan, “Manifest Destiny,” Major Documents of the American West, accessed 3 May 2004; available from http://www.amwestdoc.com/destiny/index.html; Internet.

For the second and subsequent times you reference a website in a footnote, just give the author and the title:

2O’Sullivan, “Manifest Destiny”

3Ibid.

 

VHS or DVD
For the first time you reference a VHS Videocassette or DVD in a footnote, list all the information including the title, the director and producer, the length, the company, and the year (also end with “Videocassette” or “DVD”):

1A Night at the Opera. Produced by Jack Warner. Directed by Michael Curtiz. 115 minutes. MGM. 1935. Videocassette.

For the second and subsequent times you reference a VHS Videocassette or DVD: List only the title.

2A Night at the Opera.

3Ibid.

 

CD-ROM
For the first time you reference electronic media (like CD-ROMs or online sources such as computer services, networks, and bulletin boards), give the following information:

1Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. (CD-ROM). (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).

For the second and subsequent times you reference electronic media: List only the author and title.

2Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales.

3Ibid.

 

Multi-Volume Source
For the first time you list a multi-volume work, make sure you add the volume of the reference:

1Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 47-48.

For the second and subsequent times you list a multi-volume work, list the author, title, and volume:

2De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2, 49.

3Ibid, 57.

 

Encyclopedias or Dictionaries
For the first time you reference an encyclopedia or dictionary, make sure you include the following information:

1Avery Symmes, “Captain John Smith,” in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed.

For the second and subsequent times you list an encyclopedia or dictionary, list the following information:

2Symmes, “Captain John Smith,” Encyclopedia Britannica

3Ibid.

 

Interviews
For the first time you reference an interview that you have taken, give the following information (person interviewed, method of recording, place and date of interview):

1William Jefferson Clinton, interview by author, tape recording, Washington, D.C., 15 August 2004.

For the second or subsequent times you reference an interview that you have taken, just include the following (if there has only been one interview – add the date and location if there were several):

1Clinton interview by author.

2Ibid.

 

Source within Another Source
For the first time you reference the work imbedded in another work, list the author and the title of the main work you wish to reference (usually a quoted primary source) and then give the information about the book or other source in which it is imbedded exactly as you would if you were citing simply that source.

1Groucho Marx, “Making Movies at MGM in the Thirties,” in Jacob P. Jones, Hollywood’s Greatest Era: The 1930s (Los Angeles: International Press, 1987), 23-24.

For the second and subsequent times you reference a source within a source, list only the author’s last name, title of the actual work you are citing, and the page numbers.

2Marx, “Making Movies at MGM in the Thirties,” 25.

 

Multiple Sources in One Footnote
If you have multiple sources in one footnote, simply link them together with semi-colons.

1William Henry Harrison, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 24 (March 1837): 33-63, 76-85, 112-115; Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh and His Brother the Prophet (Cincinnati: H. H. Green Press, 1840), 54-76, 80-123, 159-178.

 

Source with an Author and an Editor
If you a referencing a work with an author and an editor, you need to get all the following information in the first time you reference the work:

1William Henry Harrison, “Letter to President James Madison, August 11, 1811,” Governor’s Messages and Letters, edited by Logan Esarey (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill and Company, 1956), 54-57.

For the second and subsequent times you reference a work with an author and an editor, list only the author’s last name, title of the actual work you are citing, and the work in which it is imbedded.

2Harrison, “Letter to President James Madison, August 12, 1811,” Governor’s Messages and Letters, 59.

3Ibid, 62-63

 

Adding the Bibliography

Adding the Bibliography
The final page of your paper lists the works that you used while doing your research.

  • At the top of the page, type BIBLIOGRAPHY (centered and all capitals).
  • Then list the works you used by the names of the authors in alphabetical order.
  • Use a ½ inch hanging indent for each entry (this means the author’s last name directly lines up with the left margin and the second line and later lines in the entry are indented ½ inch).
  • List all the information you listed in the footnotes with these exceptions:
  • Start each entry with the last name, then the first name of the author.
  • Separate pieces of information related to books with a “.” (period).
  • Don’t list page numbers for articles.

Here’s an example:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Drake, Benjamin. Life of Tecumseh and His Brother the Prophet. Cincinnati: H. H. Green Press, 1840.
Hamilton, Alexander, “My Battle with Thomas Jefferson,” New York Daily News 12 July 1804.
Harrison, William Henry, “History of the Ohio Tribes,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 24 (March 1837).
Jackson, Andrew, “My Side of the Story,” U.S. News & World Report, 5 March 1837.

Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a fancy word for saying that you have copied someone else’s work and that you have failed to give that person credit for it. Here is how plagiarism is defined in Turabian’s A Manual for Writers:

By definition, a research paper involves the assimilation of prior scholarship and entails the responsibility to give proper acknowledgement whenever one is indebted to another for words or ideas … Failure to give credit is plagiarism.1

1Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996), 74.

Here’s some friendly advice for avoiding this mistake: Put everything in your own words.

Remember that when you are writing a history paper, you are using many primary and secondary sources, but in the end, you are telling a story that must come from you and you alone. After you have done all of your research, write the paper from your own viewpoint and in your own words.

Don’t Copy from your Sources Word for Word
No matter how well an author has described something, don’t copy it directly into your own paper, pretending that you have thought these words or ideas up yourself. Take the information and write it from your own viewpoint and in your own words. After you have written the information in your own words, give credit to the person’s work you are basing your own writing on with a footnote.

Note: If you are using a direct or block quote, set it off with quotations or indented text, and add a footnote immediately after the quote.

What if you need to make a direct quote?
You’re writing a paper on Henry David Thoreau and you need a quote from one of his writings to capture his life. Just add the quote directly into the text, making sure that you set it off with quotation marks and also making sure that you add a footnote at the end of the quote. Here’s an example:

In fact, Thoreau was happiest when he was away from the lumber camps. He loved the lakes and called them “amethyst jewels” in the woods.1 He loved climbing mountains and even made it to the top of Ktahdin. He called the mountain a “cloud factory” and was disappointed that he could not see the valley below because of the dense clouds at the summit. “It was like sitting in a chimney,” he wrote, “and waiting for the smoke to blow away.”2

What if you need to make a block quote?
You’re writing a paper on Henry David Thoreau and you need a longer block quote from one of his writings to capture his life. Just add the quote directly into the text, making sure you set it off by indenting it and typing it in single space. Also make sure you add a footnote at the end of the quote. Here’s an example:

Thoreau loved the wilderness of Maine, and over and over again, tried to capture the state’s beauty in words. Here is one of the best examples from The Maine Woods:

What is most striking in the Maine wilderness is the continuousness of the forest … It is a country full of evergreen trees, of mossy silver birches and watery maples … Who shall describe the inexpressible tenderness and immortal life of the grim forest, where Nature, though in mid-winter, is ever in her spring … What a place to live, what a place to die and be buried in! There certainly men would live forever, and laugh at death and the grave!3

Like so many who would follow after him, Thoreau wondered how the beauty of Maine’s wilderness could be preserved, even while the state grew more crowded and more prosperous.

Don’t Cut & Paste from Websites
With easy access to all the information on the Web, some students have found it a simple task to head to a website, find the information they’re looking for, and then simply cut and paste it into their paper. There’s no other way to say this—don’t do this! This is just like sitting down and copying whole sections out of a book. Read the information you find on the Web, and then incorporate the information into your own paper by writing it in your own words. Also give credit to the Website you have used through a footnote. Remember too that it’s the easiest thing in the world for your professor to check your Internet sources.

Don’t Forget to Add Footnotes
It’s a good rule to place a footnote every one or two paragraphs. This allows you to show the reader exactly what works you have used in your own writing. It’s also important to place footnotes immediately after direct or block quotes. Just assume that when you use quotation marks, your reader will be expecting to see a footnote. If you follow the guidelines for setting up your paper, and adding footnotes and a bibliography on this website, you should have no problem providing a faithful record of your research materials and thus avoiding plagiarism.

Historical Sources

PRIMARY V. SECONDARY SOURCES

The historical method is based on the analysis of primary sources and the creation of secondary sources.

Primary Source

A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. Some types of primary sources include:

  • ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records
  • CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art
  • RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings

Examples of primary sources include:

  • Diary of Anne Frank (Experiences of a Jewish family during World War II)
  • The Constitution of the United States (American History)
  • A journal article reporting NEW research or findings
  • Weavings and pottery (Native American history)
  • Plato’s Republic (Life and Ideas in Ancient Greece)
Secondary Source

A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of secondary sources include:

  • PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias

Examples of secondary sources include:

  • A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings
  • A history textbook
  • A book about some historical event or person (examples, David McCullogh’s 1776 or Gordon Wood’s The Radicalism of the American Revolution)

History Faculty

Dwayne Beggs

Dwayne Beggs, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of History

Adam Hodge

Adam Hodge, Ph.D.

Adjunct Faculty

Mary Robinson

Mary Robinson, Ph.D.

Associate Professor of History, Chair

More affordable than you think.

Lourdes is one of the country’s most economical private universities, with 94 percent of our undergraduate students receiving financial aid.

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